Next is kuke/seen, literally “rooster mushroom” from its cock's comb appearance and commonly known in English as the chanterelle from its Latin name Cantharellus cibarius. A beloved mushroom worldwide.
Kuuse/riisikas starts with the word spruce (kuusk). Lactarius deterrimus, also known as false saffron milkcap (same family as the first seen), produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) with orange caps up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide wide that develop green spots in old age or if injured. Its orange-coloured latex (milky liquid) stains maroon within 30 minutes. This is a mycorrhizal (mükoriisa or seen/juur) fungus that associates with Norway spruce and bearberry. The species is distributed in Europe, but is also found in parts of Asia. Research has shown that the similar North American species from the United States and Mexico is not closely related to the European species.
Fourth from the left is the storybook classic kärbse/seen (“fly mushroom”), more specifically punane (red) kärbseseen or Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the flu agaric or fly amanita, a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. It is native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Wikipedia: “Although it is generally considered mürgine (poisonous), there are few documented human deaths from its consumption, and after having been parboiled it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. The mushroom was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia, such as the Middle East, India, Eurasia, North America, and Scandinavia.” The name of the mushroom in many European languages is derived from its use as an insecticide when sprinkled in milk.
Pilvik contains the word “pilv” which means cloud and is known by its Latin name Russula in English. Around 750 worldwide species of mycorrhizal mushrooms compose the genus Russula, which means reddish. They are typically common, fairly large, and brightly colored – making them one of the most recognizable genera among mycologists and mushroom collectors. For Estonians, these are well-known and valued edible mushrooms, although the 45 identified (or even up to 200 different) species of this mushroom found in Eesti can be grouped into mild-tasting, slightly bitter, which must first be parboiled and thirdly those smelly, foul-tasting varieties not fit for consumption.
Last on the right is a kivi/puravik, with kivi meaning rock or stone. Boletus is a genus of mushroom, comprising over 100 species; in Estonia 18 species of kivipuravik have been identified. The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, essentially containing all fungi with pores, (as opposed to gills, eos/lehekesed). Wikipedia suggests: “The genus Boletus contains many members which are edible and tasty, not the least of which is the famed Boletus edulis.” — harilik kivipuravik. The flesh of many species of Boletus turns blue upon cutting and the Latin word Boletus means mushroom.
On Oct. 30th the Wall Street Journal posted an article and video on its website entitled “Where's Your Mushroom Plot? Don't Even Ask an Estonian. Fans Consider Private Haunts Sacred Ground” by Liis Kängsepp. Look for it on the newspaper's European edition homepage at www.europe.wsj.com by entering the search words “mushroom, Estonian”.
Riina Kindlam, Tallinn
